【努力学习区块链】-使用Geth搭建以太坊私有链网络

什么是Geth

Geth是 ethereum 协议的Go语言实现,Geth支持ethereum中的各种操作;并且得益于Go语言的多平台特性,Geth也支持在多个平台上使用。

安装Geth

安装分为两种:

  1. 直接下载编译好的Geth二进制文件
  2. 从源码编译生成二进制文件

在本示例中,不需要对Geth代码进行修改,所以选择下载编译好的Geth二进制文件

在MacOS上安装

在terminal中执行

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brew tap ethereum/ethereum
brew install ethereum

在Ubuntu上安装

在terminal中执行

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sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ethereum

验证安装成功

在terminal中执行

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geth version

出现如下显示,即为安装成功

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Geth
Version: 1.7.3-stable
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.9.3
Operating System: darwin
GOPATH=/Users/lamo/go/default
GOROOT=/Users/lamo/.gvm/gos/go1.8

创世块

任何以太链都以一个创世块开始,为此我们需要定义一些创世块的参数,以便更好的服务于我们的开发和测试。

以下是一个创世块的样例配置,该配置是json格式的:

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{
"config": {
"chainId": 11
},
"alloc" : {},
"coinbase" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"difficulty" : "0x20000",
"extraData" : "",
"gasLimit" : "0x2fefd8",
"nonce" : "0x0000000000000042",
"mixhash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"timestamp" : "0x00"
}
  • config.chainId // 以太链的ID,用来唯一标记一条以太链

  • coinbase // 矿工账号,第一个区块挖出后将给这个矿工账号发送奖励

  • difficulty // 难度值,越大越难

  • extraData // 附加信息随便填

  • gasLimit // gas 的消耗总量限制,用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和,因为我们是私有链,所以填最大

  • nonce // 一个 64 位随机数

  • mixhash // 与 nonce 配合用于挖矿,由上一个区块的一部分生成的 hash

  • parentHash // 上一个区块的 hash 值

  • alloc // 预设账号以及账号的以太币数量,这里不做配置

初始化以太链

在定义了一个创世块的配置文件之后,使用该创世块的配置文件初始化以太链;

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geth --datadir "~/geth/nodes/node_1" init genesis.json

出现如下显示

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WARN [02-11|17:49:04] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default 
INFO [02-11|17:49:04] Allocated cache and file handles database=/Users/lamo/geth/node_1/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [02-11|17:49:04] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [02-11|17:49:04] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=7d416a…b75a26
INFO [02-11|17:49:04] Allocated cache and file handles database=/Users/lamo/geth/node_1/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [02-11|17:49:04] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [02-11|17:49:04] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=7d416a…b75a26

初始化完成之后,启动geth进入交互式命令行工具

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geth --datadir "~/geth/nodes/node_1" \
--networkid 11 \
console 2> ~/geth/logs/console.log

查看节点信息

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> admin.nodeInfo
{
enode: "enode://860d8e7e94dfdc72c0c3ca8f5aa919f1a32cf3a2461a74eb0c1b0f8b3563b757b1e0c9cd53068e79774da3ec0d652acbfddeb75420b670fe9b208313293600af@[::]:30303",
id: "860d8e7e94dfdc72c0c3ca8f5aa919f1a32cf3a2461a74eb0c1b0f8b3563b757b1e0c9cd53068e79774da3ec0d652acbfddeb75420b670fe9b208313293600af",
ip: "::",
listenAddr: "[::]:30303",
name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.9.3",
ports: {
discovery: 30303,
listener: 30303
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 65536,
genesis: "0x7d416a4ed27810d9154d9407a9b2b8ea4094fe8c5ce1d87e50bf6016d6b75a26",
head: "0x7d416a4ed27810d9154d9407a9b2b8ea4094fe8c5ce1d87e50bf6016d6b75a26",
network: 11
}
}
}

此时,我们已经成功创建了一个只有一个创世块、只有一个节点的以太坊的私有链,但是这个以太链中还没有账户以及交易,下面我们来创建账户。

创建账户

在交互式命令行中运行

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> personal.newAccount('geth')
"0xb6e09535504452d5f1be75b510944fa5942efb08"

创建了一个名为0xb6e09535504452d5f1be75b510944fa5942efb08,密码为geth的账户

通过以下命令确认这一点

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> personal.listAccounts
["0xb6e09535504452d5f1be75b510944fa5942efb08"]

增加一个节点

打开一个新的terminal,使用刚才的创世块配置文件,初始化一个节点并启动

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geth --datadir "~/geth/nodes/node_2" init genesis.json

geth --datadir "~/geth/nodes/node_2" \
--networkid 11 \
--port 30304 \
console 2> ~/geth/logs/console2.log

这是第二个节点的信息

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> admin.nodeInfo
{
enode: "enode://a94ece1f720ba0c5a83f52ac7915bb495c83f3b0a6f8691eb7e97f61c6f9c1c7becb6c6d4af7410ec634cd2ef35a5ea3d2ed8f0eab81cd7d7a559f9eb416893c@[::]:30304",
id: "a94ece1f720ba0c5a83f52ac7915bb495c83f3b0a6f8691eb7e97f61c6f9c1c7becb6c6d4af7410ec634cd2ef35a5ea3d2ed8f0eab81cd7d7a559f9eb416893c",
ip: "::",
listenAddr: "[::]:30304",
name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.9.3",
ports: {
discovery: 30304,
listener: 30304
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 65536,
genesis: "0x7d416a4ed27810d9154d9407a9b2b8ea4094fe8c5ce1d87e50bf6016d6b75a26",
head: "0x7d416a4ed27810d9154d9407a9b2b8ea4094fe8c5ce1d87e50bf6016d6b75a26",
network: 11
}
}
}

连接两个节点

以上操作仅仅创建了两个隔离的节点

在第二个节点上执行

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> admin.peers
[]

发现都是空的,现在要把两个节点连接起来,在第二个节点上执行

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admin.addPeer("enode://860d8e7e94dfdc72c0c3ca8f5aa919f1a32cf3a2461a74eb0c1b0f8b3563b757b1e0c9cd53068e79774da3ec0d652acbfddeb75420b670fe9b208313293600af@[::]:30303")

其中admin.addPeer("enode://860d8e7e94dfdc72c0c3ca8f5aa919f1a32cf3a2461a74eb0c1b0f8b3563b757b1e0c9cd53068e79774da3ec0d652acbfddeb75420b670fe9b208313293600af@[::]:30303")这一串地址是节点1的信息。

此时就可以看到

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> admin.peers

[{
caps: ["eth/63"],
id: "860d8e7e94dfdc72c0c3ca8f5aa919f1a32cf3a2461a74eb0c1b0f8b3563b757b1e0c9cd53068e79774da3ec0d652acbfddeb75420b670fe9b208313293600af",
name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable/darwin-amd64/go1.9.3",
network: {
localAddress: "[::1]:64498",
remoteAddress: "[::1]:30303"
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 65536,
head: "0x7d416a4ed27810d9154d9407a9b2b8ea4094fe8c5ce1d87e50bf6016d6b75a26",
version: 63
}
}
}, {
caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63", "par/1", "par/2", "pip/1"],
id: "c2b237a4fabf631170f058f54f1aa685b7893ae75ff6260aa08e0698fd636573cae7bd1c303d41927aeebc46c5aebb8888994201226fff29c4664d9099b0281b",
name: "Parity/v1.8.7-stable-e322fd8-20180124/x86_64-linux-gnu/rustc1.23.0",
network: {
localAddress: "100.100.34.41:64751",
remoteAddress: "109.230.215.17:30304"
},
protocols: {
eth: "handshake"
}
}]

至此,一个有两个互联节点的以太坊链就成功搭建起来了。

挖矿

搭建起来的第一件事就是挖矿,在随便一个节点上执行

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>  miner.start(1)

null

挖矿便开始了,随后风扇呜呜的声音就起来了
此时查看挖到的块数

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> eth.blockNumber
0

发现开始0

为了能查看进度,执行

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tail -f ~/geth/logs/console.log

或者

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tail -f ~/geth/logs/console2.log

取决于你用哪个节点挖矿

出现如下输出

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INFO [02-11|18:09:52] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=29 elapsed=35.565s
INFO [02-11|18:09:53] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=30 elapsed=36.822s
INFO [02-11|18:09:54] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=31 elapsed=38.024s
INFO [02-11|18:09:55] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=32 elapsed=39.206s
INFO [02-11|18:09:56] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=33 elapsed=40.389s
INFO [02-11|18:09:58] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=34 elapsed=41.649s
INFO [02-11|18:09:59] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=35 elapsed=42.837s
INFO [02-11|18:10:00] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=36 elapsed=43.992s
INFO [02-11|18:10:01] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=37 elapsed=45.181s
INFO [02-11|18:10:02] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=38 elapsed=46.317s
INFO [02-11|18:10:04] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=39 elapsed=47.516s
INFO [02-11|18:10:05] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=40 elapsed=48.662s

当percentage=100的时候,挖矿便开始了,稍等一会之后,再执行

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> eth.blockNumber
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> eth.blockNumber
5

发现已经挖到了,为了风扇废掉,及时停止了挖矿

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> miner.stop()

true

查看区块的信息

查看最后一个区块的信息

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> eth.getBlock(eth.blockNumber)
{
difficulty: 131904,
extraData: "0xd883010703846765746887676f312e392e338664617277696e",
gasLimit: 3187903,
gasUsed: 0,
hash: "0xbd6806c5a0c5f9e43106e0f55dfc5db1765ad89c9a72962b8e7a0b54ca53ee2b",
logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
miner: "0xb6e09535504452d5f1be75b510944fa5942efb08",
mixHash: "0x4951508a4d389ae7358154c332be764f80276c36823affb5bafb1b401d0602c2",
nonce: "0x47c27c170524dd8f",
number: 15,
parentHash: "0xe4b8d62f2e765c5e89eb9f46757e350a6abc199afb3d0066ef3c6631b06a64b5",
receiptsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
size: 536,
stateRoot: "0xcbe4197bbedb50693d3dc41a8cf36b418b3bd853cafcf598abdb78778d0cf9c0",
timestamp: 1518343931,
totalDifficulty: 2037440,
transactions: [],
transactionsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
uncles: []
}

拿到挖到最后一个区块的矿工的名字

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> eth.getBlock(eth.blockNumber).miner
"0xb6e09535504452d5f1be75b510944fa5942efb08"

查找该矿工总共有多少以太坊币

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> eth.getBalance(eth.getBlock(eth.blockNumber).miner)
75000000000000000000

注意次数的以太币单位为Wei,是最小的不可分的单位,10^18个wei是一个以太币,故而上述矿工总共有75个以太币,因为总共有15个区块被挖出来,按照每个区块奖励5个以太币的设定,正好75个以太币。